Libya

Libya is today officially known as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظمى). Berbers are the oldest known inhabitants, but it was the Phoenicians who first colonized the region from Tyre (in Lebanon) by establishing trading posts along the coast. The largest of these colonies, Carthage, became the center of a great Punic culture and the Carthaginian Empire that spread across much of North Africa. Greek cities were also established along the coast from the 7th to 5th centuries BCE, although they faced incursions from Carthage, Egypt and Persia. Carthage was ultimately defeated by Rome during the Punic Wars, after which the three regions of Libya became a Roman province during the 1st century BCE and remained such until the decline of the Roman Empire in 5th century CE. The region would then be routed by the Vandals, and in the 6th century CE would become a part of the Byzantine Empire.

While Byzantium controlled much of the coast, Arab Islamic armies conquered the regions of the Libyan interior during the 7th century and ultimately wrested control of the remaining cities from the Byzantines. Over the course of the following centuries, Libya came under the rule of several Islamic dynasties, although Berber tribes continued to offer resistance in defense of their traditional life ways. A Norman invasion from Sicily in the 12th century weakened the Arab hold on Libya, and by the 16th century the lands were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire which maintained control until the early 20th century.

Weakened by corruption, revolt and civil war, Ottoman rule eventually crumbled and was replaced during the "Scramble for Africa" by Italian rule. From 1912 until 1943, Italy administered the country as a colonial possession, adopting the name Libya in 1934, and enforcing their control militarily by suppressing a local resistance movement from 1928 to 1932. Following the abdication of Italy during Second World War, Libya was administered by both Britain and France, and in 1947 Italy officialy relinquished all claims to the territory. On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952, and on December 24, 1951 the nation proclaimed itself the United Kingdom of Libya under the rule of King Idris.

Discovery of vast oil reserves enabled the monarchy to amass great wealth during subsequent years, but as a result popular resentment took hold, fueled by Nasserism and Arab nationalism spreading throughout the Middle East. On September 1, 1969, a small group of military officers led by 27-year-old army officer Muammar al-Gaddafi staged a coup d'état against King Idris, launching the Libyan Revolution. The officers abolished the monarchy, and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic. Gaddafi was declared Revolutionary Leader and has retained the position of national leader into the present period.

The armed forces of Libya consist of the Army, Air Force, Navy and the People's Militia, with an estimated 119,000 active duty personnel. The nation has historically been supportive of Arab nationalist and sovereignty movements, including the PLO, and it is believed a number of training camps for international terrorist organizations were at one time sponsored there. Libyan forces have intervened militarily in Chad on several occasions, but would ultimately be defeated and expelled during the Toyota War (December 16, 1986 to September 11, 1987).

Muammar Gaddafi played a prominent role in creating the African Union (AU), established in 2002, and in February 2009 was selected to be chairman for a year. Among the objectives of the AU are to achieve peace and security in Africa; and to promote democratic institutions, good governance and human rights. To this end, the AU has provided both intervention and peacekeeping forces to various nations in Africa.

Libyan Camouflage Patterns

• Camouflage of the "Africa Corps" of Colonel Qaddafi of Libya