Mexico

United Mexican States (Mexico)

Mexico is officially the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos). The nation has not been to war with another country since the Mexican American War (1846-1848), but has dealt with a number of insurrections in the past 200 years. The most recent of these has been the Zapatista Uprising (1994 to present) in the Chiapas State.

The Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Mexico) consist of three major commands: the Mexican Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerzas Aerea de Mexicana or FAM) and the Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico), the latter of which includes the Mexican Naval Infantry (Infanteria de Marina). Falling under an external command structure are the Corps of Military Police, Mexican Special Forces (Fuerzas Especiales), the Presidential Guards, and an Airborne Brigade. The Mexican Armed Forces consist of just over 259,000 active duty personnel, whose responsibilities include repelling external aggression, providing for the internal security of the nation, and assisting the civilian population in the event of natural disasters.

Until very recently, the standard operational and work uniform of the Mexican Armed Forces was khaki or olive green. Camouflage uniforms were only issued to special units such as the paratroopers, special forces and marines, or infantry and other units with specialized missions (border protection, counter-narcotics, etc). In 2008, the entire armed forces began the process of being outfitted in a new series of pixelated camouflage designs.

Camouflage Patterns of the Mexican Armed Forces

• The earliest, mass-produced Mexican military camouflage pattern was heavily influenced by the US M1942 spot or "frog skin" camouflage pattern of the Second World War. Locally produced, the Mexican five-color spot pattern features dark brown, mid-brown, olive green & moss green spots on a light olive or khaki background, although considerable variability exists among the different production runs. Uniforms were locally-produced and issued primarily to infantry, airborne and special forces units. Photographs suggest these were quite often worn for parade purposes, rather than as combat clothing.

• Beginning in the mid-1980s, although the standard operational uniform of the Mexican Armed Forces remained drab olive green, some Mexican military personnel began to use locally-produced uniforms made from imported US m81 woodland camouflage pattern fabric. Surviving uniforms samples all seem to be made with 50/60 Nylon/Cotton (NYCO) fabric, although it is possible some 100% cotton ripstop fabric was also imported as well. These camouflage uniforms are frequently seen among airborne, special forces and naval infantry units, although over time conventional combat units would also receive them.

• Also introduced in the mid or late 1980s, Mexican military personnel stationed in arid regions or assigned to special operations units were issued the six-color "chocolate chip" camouflage pattern adopted by the United States. It would appear this pattern was only worn for a short period of time, and by very specific units, as there are few surviving examples of uniforms that have survived into the present day.

• Later production Mexican woodland camouflage textiles were produced entirely in-country, and tended to have a darker, more muted overall appearance. Although, again, there are some notable color palette differences observed, mostly likely sourced from different textile factories, or military contracts. Mexican camouflage fabric of this era has a somewhat heavier "feel" than its American-made counterpart, perhaps owing to higher cotton content.

• The Army Grupo Aeromóvil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE) and the Presidential Security Unit have been known to wear an "urban" coloration of the m81 woodland camouflage design, having black, dark grey & light grey woodland shapes on a white background. It appears this pattern was introduced alongside or shortly after the standard woodland camouflage pattern of the Army.

• Beginning in the 1990s, some units of the Mexican Army and Corps of Military Police serving in arid regions of the country began wearing locally-produced uniforms made from imported US tricolor desert pattern fabric. In due course, the fabric would be reproduced locally and, as with the woodland copies, tended to have a slightly different appearance to the American-produced textiles.

• In 2008, the Mexico began replacing all of its older drab and camouflage uniforms with a series of new pixelated camouflage designs unique to its armed services. Now issued Army-wide, the temperate digital pattern incorporates black, rust & olive green pixelated shapes on a pale green background.

• A pixelated desert pattern was also introduced at the same time for wear in the arid and desert regions of Mexico. This pattern incorporates small patches of dark olive green and russet among larger swaths of off-white or sand and pink.

• Also introduced around 2008 was a series of pixelated camouflage designs specifically created for the Mexican Naval Infantry. Officially the Number 3 Campaign Uniform, the temperate digital pattern incorporates black, brown and foliage green on a khaki background. All digital patterns of the Mexican Marines have a small anchor & crossed rifles symbol as well as the Mexican Navy crest embedded into the camouflage design.

• The Mexican Naval Infantry desert digital pattern incorporates brown, russet & beige on a sandy background.

• The Mexican Naval Infantry urban digital pattern incorporates black, grey and blue on an off-white background. This variation remained in use only for a short time with regular infantry personnel, although it continued for a while to be worn by the Naval Police Forces.

• In 2013, it was first announced that the Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana) would adopt its own pixelated camouflage uniform, with a blue colorway.

• It was announced in September 2015 that the Infanteria de Marina would adopt a new camouflage pattern to replace the pixelated design introduced in 2008. This pattern, known colloquially as Marina Trans Jungle, was developed by Hyperstealth Biotechnology Corporation as US4CES Transitional in 2011. New uniforms in this pattern were officially introduced to the public at the Mexican Independence Day parade on September 16, 2015, with a full transition to the new pattern intended by November 2015.

• The Mexican Army's Fuerza Especial de Reaccion (FER) unit, like many special operations units around the world, have embraced Multicam as their operational camouflage design of preference.

• In late 2018 it was announced that the Mexican National Guard (Guardia Nacional) would be issued its own pixelated camouflage design with sparse areas of dark and light grey on a white background.

• The blue-dominant camouflage design seen here, first seen by the public during a national military parade on 16 September, 2021, was developed for use by Mexican Navy personnel serving in surface operational units. This design is actually a recoloration of the US4CES Transitional pattern originally developed by Hyperstealth Industries and adopted by the Mexican Marines in 2015.

• The Third Generation Transitional Stereographic campaign uniform (TE-3) appeared for the first time in public in September 2021, being fielded by personnel of the Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales (Special forces Corps). The origins of this pattern can be traced back to 2012, when several designs under consideration for use by the armed forces were exhibited briefly by the DGFAVE, although never adopted. Among other considerations at that time were color variations for desert and urban environments, as well as a blue-dominant version presumably for the Air Force. A spokesman for the Sedena manufacturing plant is quoted as saying the new camouflage design has a medium standard colorimetry design, intended to perform well in jungle, desert, semi-jungle, and mountain areas. Moving away from the traditional square pixelated designs, this new pattern incorporates organic shapes more like those found in natural features. The design is also reputedly more difficult to clone or copy due to the overlapping colors. Under development for more than two and a half years, the TE-3 uniform began to see widespread issue to specialized units in 2022, and will eventually replace both the jungle and desert patterns adopted by the Army in 2008.

• A variation of the TE-3 campaign uniform is also scheduled to be released for issue to the Air Force, having a blue colorway.

Camouflage Patterns Worn by the Mexican Federal Police and Other Agencies

• The Police SWAT Unit of the Mexicali State and the Unete a los Defensores of the Jalisco State both wear this dark urban pixelated design, probably copied from the commercial version produced by Propper Industries in the USA. This same pattern also seems to be worn by the Federal Ministerial Police reaction unit.

• Elite Police of the Sinaloa State have been documented wearing a locally-produced variation of the Multicam design.

• Special units of the Mexican Policía Federal (Federal Police) wear a locally-produced copy of the USMC MARPAT temperate camouflage design.

• The Unidad Especializada Antisecuestros (Special Anti-Kidnapping Unit) of the Sinaloa State wear a copy of the "Universal Camouflage Pattern" of the US Army.

• The Reacción Organizada Contra Asaltos or ROCA is a Special Police Reaction unit of the Yucatan State. Members of this unit have been documented wearing an "urbanized" variation of the standard woodland camouflage pattern developed in the USA

• A new federal police force, La Gendarmeria Nacional was activated in April 2014 as a civilian protection force with the special aim of protecting key parts of the economy, like mining operations and farms, from drug gangs. Members of this elite unit are both highly trained and in many cases highly educated, and wear a pixelated camouflage design created specifically for them, seen below.

• La Agencia de Investigación Criminal or Criminal Investigation Agency has a special operations group (GEO/Grupo Operaciones Especiales) that fields an urban-type camouflage pattern consisting of black with shades of dark and medium grey.

• First formed in 2014, the Subdirección de Salvaguardia Estratégica (SSE) or Subdirectorate for Strategic Safeguarding is a special security unit of the Mexican government-owned oil company Petróleos Mexicanos, or PEMEX, tasked with protecting facilities and assets. Previously known as the Physical Security Services Management (Gerencia de Servicios de Seguridad Física/GSSF) the unit has historically operated closely with other federal agencies (including both SEDENA and SEMAR). In September 2019, the SSE first appeared in public wearing a its own, distinctive three-color pixelated camouflage uniform incorporating tones of light brown, grey and tan.