Panama
The territory of what is today the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) was part of Colombia between 1830 and 1903, and thereafter was governed as a constitutional democracy until 1968. A military coup in that year under Lieutenant Colonel Omar Torrijos led to the establishment of a military regime and the repression of political opposition. General Manuel Noriega took control of the civilian government when Torrijos was killed in a mysterious plane crash, declaring himself commander of the newly consolidated Panamanian Defense Force (PDF) as well as leader of the nation.
Ostensibly an ally of the United States, under Noriega the Panamanian government became embroidered in numerous illegal activities, including electoral fraud, money laundering, drug and human trafficking, and the torture and execution of political dissidents. When economic sanctions and the freezing of Panamanian economic assets within the USA amounted to nothing, the United States authorized the use of force against Panama in order to restore democracy and secure the safety of the Panama Canal. Operation Just Cause or the US Invasion of Panama (December 20, 1989 to January 3, 1990) resulted in the capture of General Noriega, the defeat of the PDF, and the restoration of a civilian government. In the aftermath, the PDF was abolished in 1990 under President Guillermo Endara and replaced by the Panamanian Public Forces, which currently consists of the National Police (Policía Nacional), National Borders Service (Servicio Nacional de Fronteras), National Aeronaval Service (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval), and the Institutional Protection Services (Servico de Protección Institucional).
General Manuel Noriega was himself a curious character and frequently appeared in public wearing camouflage uniforms from various foreign nations, often embellished with numerous airborne and special operations insignia. Nevertheless, the PDF were largely outfitted in plain olive green uniforms, although some units did receive locally-produced camouflage uniforms. Except for certain special operations units of the National Police, units of the Panamanian Public Forces do not wear camouflage.